Matsayin sake amfani da kayan polyurethane a China
1, masana'antar samar da polyurethane za ta samar da adadi mai yawa a kowace shekara, saboda ƙarancin mai da hankali, mai sauƙin sake fa'ida.Yawancin tsire-tsire suna amfani da hanyoyin sake yin amfani da su ta zahiri da sinadarai don dawo da sake amfani da kayan datti.
2. Sharar da kayan polyurethane da masu amfani ke amfani da su ba a sake su da kyau ba.Akwai wasu masana'antun da suka kware a fannin sarrafa sinadarin polyurethane a kasar Sin, amma galibinsu ana kona su da kuma sake sarrafa su.
3, akwai jami'o'i da yawa da cibiyoyin bincike a gida da waje, sun himmatu don neman sinadarai na polyurethane da fasahar sake amfani da halittu, sun buga wani sakamakon ilimi.Amma da gaske sanya cikin aikace-aikace masu girma na 'yan kaɗan, Jamus H&S na ɗaya daga cikinsu.
4, An fara rarraba sharar gida ta kasar Sin, kuma matakin karshe na kayayyakin polyurethane ya yi kadan, kuma yana da wahala kamfanoni su ci gaba da samun sharar polyurethane don sake amfani da su.Rashin kwanciyar hankali na kayan sharar gida yana sa kamfanoni su yi aiki da wahala.
5. Babu takamaiman ma'aunin caji don sake yin amfani da shi da kuma kula da manyan sharar gida.Misali, katifa da aka yi da polyurethane, rufin firiji, da dai sauransu, tare da haɓaka manufofi da sarƙoƙi na masana'antu, kamfanonin sake yin amfani da su na iya samun kuɗi mai yawa.
6, Huntsman ya ƙirƙira hanyar da za a sake yin amfani da kwalabe na filastik PET, bayan wasu tsauraran matakai na sarrafawa, a cikin sashin amsawar sinadarai tare da sauran kayan da aka yi don samar da samfuran polyester polyol, samfuran samfuran har zuwa 60% daga kwalabe filastik PET da aka sake yin fa'ida, da polyester. Ana amfani da polyol don samar da kayan polyurethane ɗaya daga cikin mahimman albarkatun ƙasa.A halin yanzu, Huntsman na iya sake sarrafa kwalaben filastik PET biliyan 1 500ml a kowace shekara, kuma a cikin shekaru biyar da suka gabata, an canza kwalabe na filastik PET biliyan 5 zuwa ton 130,000 na samfuran polyol don samar da kayan kariya na polyurethane.
Sake amfani da jiki
Wannan hanyar ita ce fasahar sake amfani da ita.Kumfa mai laushi na polyurethane yana jujjuya shi zuwa santimita da yawa na gutsuttsura ta wurin murƙushewa, kuma ana fesa manne polyurethane mai amsawa a cikin mahaɗin.Adhesives da aka yi amfani da su gabaɗaya haɗin kumfa na polyurethane ne ko madaidaicin tushen prepolymer na NCO bisa polyphenyl polymethylene polyisocyanate (PAPI).Lokacin da ake amfani da adhesives na tushen PAPI don haɗawa da haɓakawa, ana iya haɗawa da tururi. sannan ki matsa cakudewa.
Thermosetting polyurethane taushi kumfa da RIM polyurethane kayayyakin suna da wani mataki na thermal softening plasticity a cikin zafin jiki kewayon 100-200 ℃.Ƙarƙashin zafin jiki da matsa lamba mai yawa, polyurethane sharar gida za a iya haɗa shi tare ba tare da wani m.Domin sanya samfurin da aka sake fa'ida ya zama iri ɗaya, sharar sau da yawa ana murƙushe su sannan a yi zafi da matsawa.
Polyurethane taushi kumfa za a iya juya zuwa cikin lafiya barbashi ta low zafin jiki nika ko nika tsari, da kuma watsar da wannan barbashi da aka kara da polyol, wanda aka yi amfani da su ƙera polyurethane kumfa ko wasu kayayyakin, ba kawai don dawo da sharar gida kayan, amma polyurethane. Hakanan don rage farashin kayayyakin yadda ya kamata.Abun cikin foda da aka tarwatsa a cikin MDI tushen sanyi yana warkar da kumfa polyurethane mai laushi yana iyakance zuwa 15%, kuma ana iya ƙara matsakaicin 25% foda da aka lalata zuwa kumfa mai zafi na tushen TDI.
Sake amfani da sinadarai
Diol hydrolysis yana daya daga cikin hanyoyin dawo da sinadarai da aka fi amfani da su.A gaban kananan kwayoyin diols (kamar ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, diethylene glycol) da kuma catalysts (tertiary amines, alcoholamine ko organometallic mahadi), polyurethanes (foams, elastomers, RIM kayayyakin, da dai sauransu) suna barasa a zazzabi na game da. 200°C na sa'o'i da yawa don samun sabbin polyols.Za a iya haɗa polyols ɗin da aka sake yin fa'ida da sabbin polyols don kera kayan polyurethane.
Ana iya canza kumfa na polyurethane zuwa polyols masu laushi na farko da polyols masu wuya ta amination.Amolysis wani tsari ne wanda kumfa polyurethane ke amsawa tare da amines yayin matsin lamba da dumama.Amines da aka yi amfani da su sun hada da dibutylamine, ethanolamine, lactam ko lactam admixture, kuma ana iya aiwatar da amsa a yanayin zafi da ke ƙasa da 150 ° C. Samfurin ƙarshe ba ya buƙatar tsarkakewa na kumfa polyurethane da aka shirya kai tsaye kuma zai iya maye gurbin polyurethane da aka shirya daga asali. polyol.
Dow Chemical ya gabatar da tsarin dawo da sinadaran amine hydrolysis.Tsarin ya ƙunshi matakai biyu: polyurethane sharar gida yana bazu cikin babban taro wanda aka tarwatsa aminoester, urea, amine da polyol ta alkylolamine da mai kara kuzari;Sa'an nan kuma ana aiwatar da maganin alkylation don cire amines na aromatic a cikin kayan da aka dawo da su, kuma ana samun polyols tare da kyakkyawan aiki da launi mai haske.Hanyar na iya dawo da nau'ikan kumfa na polyurethane da yawa, kuma ana iya amfani da polyol da aka kwato a cikin nau'ikan kayan polyurethane da yawa.Har ila yau, kamfanin yana amfani da tsarin sake amfani da sinadarai don samo polyols da aka sake sarrafa daga sassan RRIM, wanda za'a iya sake amfani da su don haɓaka sassan RIM da kashi 30%.
Hanyar Hydrolysis - Sodium hydroxide za a iya amfani dashi azaman mai kara kuzari don lalata kumfa mai laushi na polyurethane da kumfa mai wuya don samar da polyols da tsaka-tsakin aminin, waɗanda ake amfani da su azaman albarkatun da aka sake yin fa'ida.
Alkalolysis: polyether da alkali karfe hydroxide ana amfani da su azaman bazuwar jamiái, kuma ana cire carbonates bayan bazuwar kumfa don dawo da polyols da diamines na aromatic.
Tsarin hada alcoholysis da amolysis -- polyether polyol, potassium hydroxide da diamine ana amfani dashi azaman abubuwan lalata, kuma ana cire daskararrun carbonate don samun polyether polyol da diamine.Ba za a iya raba bazuwar kumfa mai wuya ba, amma polyether da aka samu ta hanyar amsawar propylene oxide za a iya amfani dashi kai tsaye don yin kumfa mai wuya.A abũbuwan amfãni daga wannan hanya ne low bazuwar zazzabi (60 ~ 160 ℃), gajeren lokaci da kuma babban adadin bazuwar kumfa.
Alcohol phosphorus tsari - polyether polyols da halogenated phosphate ester a matsayin bazuwar jamiái, bazuwar kayayyakin ne polyether polyols da ammonium phosphate m, sauki rabuwa.
Reqra, wani kamfanin sake yin amfani da shi na Jamus, yana haɓaka fasahar sake yin amfani da sharar polyurethane mai rahusa don sake amfani da sharar takalmin polyurethane.A cikin wannan fasahar sake yin amfani da ita, an fara farfasa dattin zuwa ɓangarorin 10mm, ana dumama shi a cikin injin da ake watsawa don yin ruwa, kuma a ƙarshe an dawo da shi don samun polyols na ruwa.
Hanyar bazuwar Phenol - Japan za ta ɓata kumfa mai laushi na polyurethane da gauraye da phenol, mai zafi a ƙarƙashin yanayin acidic, haɗin gwiwar carbamate ya karye, haɗe tare da ƙungiyar phenol hydroxyl, sa'an nan kuma amsa tare da formaldehyde don samar da resin phenolic, ƙara hexamethylenetetramine don ƙarfafa shi, ana iya zama da aka shirya tare da kyakkyawan ƙarfi da tauri, kyawawan samfuran juriya na zafi na phenolic resin.
Pyrolysis - polyurethane taushi kumfa za a iya bazu a high yanayin zafi a karkashin aerobic yanayi ko anaerobic yanayi don samun m abubuwa, da kuma polyols za a iya samu ta hanyar rabuwa.
Farfadowa da zafi da jiyya
Maido da makamashi daga sharar gida na polyurethane shine fasaha mafi dacewa da muhalli da tattalin arziki.Kwamitin sake amfani da polyurethane na Amurka yana gudanar da gwaji inda kashi 20% na kumfa mai laushi polyurethane aka ƙara a cikin ƙaƙƙarfan incinerator.Sakamakon ya nuna cewa ragowar toka da hayakin da ake fitarwa har yanzu suna cikin ƙayyadaddun buƙatun muhalli, kuma zafin da aka fitar bayan an ƙara kumfa mai sharar ya yi ceton yawan iskar gas.A Turai, kasashe irin su Sweden, Switzerland, Jamus da Denmark suma suna yin gwajin fasahohin da suke amfani da makamashin da aka kwato daga kona sharar da ake amfani da su na polyurethane don samar da wutar lantarki da dumama zafi.
Ana iya niƙa kumfa na polyurethane a cikin foda, ko dai shi kaɗai ko tare da wasu robobi na sharar gida, don maye gurbin foda mai kyau da ƙonewa a cikin tanda don dawo da makamashin zafi.Ana iya inganta haɓakar konewa na takin polyurethane ta micropowder.
Idan babu iskar oxygen, zafin jiki mai girma, matsa lamba da mai kara kuzari, kumfa polyurethane mai laushi da elastomer za a iya lalata su ta thermal don samun iskar gas da kayan mai.Sakamakon bazuwar zafin mai ya ƙunshi wasu polyols, waɗanda aka tsarkake kuma ana iya amfani da su azaman kayan abinci, amma galibi ana amfani da su azaman mai.Wannan hanya ta dace don sake sarrafa sharar da aka haɗe da sauran robobi.Duk da haka, bazuwar polymer na nitrogen kamar kumfa polyurethane na iya lalata mai kara kuzari.Ya zuwa yanzu wannan hanya ba ta da yawa.
Tun da polyurethane shine polymer mai dauke da nitrogen, ko da wane irin hanyar dawowa konewa aka yi amfani da shi, dole ne a yi amfani da yanayin konewa mafi kyau don rage samar da nitrogen oxides da amines.Tanderun konewa na buƙatar sanye take da na'urorin maganin iskar gas da suka dace.
A halin yanzu ana zubar da adadi mai yawa na sharar kumfa polyurethane a cikin wuraren da ake zubar da ƙasa.Wasu kumfa ba za a iya sake yin fa'ida ba, irin su kumfa polyurethane da ake amfani da su azaman gadaje iri.Kamar sauran robobi, idan abu ya kasance a koyaushe a cikin yanayin yanayi, zai taru a kan lokaci, kuma akwai matsin lamba akan yanayin.Domin ya lalata dattin datti na polyurethane a ƙarƙashin yanayin yanayi, mutane sun fara haɓaka resin polyurethane mai lalacewa.Alal misali, ƙwayoyin polyurethane sun ƙunshi carbohydrates, cellulose, lignin ko polycaprolactone da sauran mahadi masu lalacewa.
Nasarar Maimaituwa
A cikin 2011, ɗaliban Jami'ar Yale sun yi kanun labarai lokacin da suka gano wani naman gwari mai suna Pestalotiopsis microspora a Ecuador.Naman gwari yana iya narkewa kuma ya rushe filastik polyurethane, har ma a cikin yanayin da ba shi da iska (anaerobic), wanda zai iya sa ya yi aiki a kasan wurin zubar da ƙasa.
Yayin da farfesa wanda ya jagoranci yawon shakatawa ya yi gargadi game da tsammanin da yawa daga sakamakon binciken a cikin gajeren lokaci, babu musun ra'ayin ra'ayin na sauri, mai tsabta, rashin inganci kuma mafi dabi'a don zubar da sharar filastik. .
Bayan 'yan shekaru, mai tsara Katharina Unger ta LIVIN Studio ta haɗa kai da sashen nazarin halittu na Jami'ar Utrecht don ƙaddamar da wani aiki mai suna Fungi Mutarium.
Sun yi amfani da mycelium (mai layi, ɓangaren abinci mai gina jiki na namomin kaza) na namomin kaza guda biyu na yau da kullun, gami da namomin kaza da schizophylla.A cikin tsawon watanni da yawa, naman gwari ya lalata tarkacen filastik gaba ɗaya yayin da yake girma akai-akai a kusa da kwas ɗin AGAR da ake ci.A bayyane yake, filastik ya zama abun ciye-ciye ga mycelium.
Sauran masu bincike kuma suna ci gaba da aiki kan lamarin.A cikin 2017, Sehroon Khan, masanin kimiyya a Cibiyar Aikin Noma ta Duniya, tare da tawagarsa sun gano wani naman gwari mai lalata filastik, Aspergillus tubingensis, a cikin wani shara a Islamabad, Pakistan.
Naman gwari na iya girma da yawa a cikin polyester polyurethane a cikin watanni biyu kuma ya rushe shi cikin ƙananan ƙananan.
Wata ƙungiya a Jami'ar Illinois, karkashin jagorancin Farfesa Steven Zimmerman, ta samar da wata hanya ta karya polyurethane da kuma juya shi zuwa wasu samfurori masu amfani.
Dalibin da ya kammala karatun digiri Ephraim Morado yana fatan magance matsalar sharar polyurethane ta hanyar dawo da polymers ta hanyar sinadarai.Duk da haka, polyurethane suna da tsayi sosai kuma an yi su daga sassa biyu waɗanda ke da wuyar rushewa: isocyanates da polyols.
Polyols maɓalli ne saboda an samo su daga man fetur kuma ba sa raguwa cikin sauƙi.Don guje wa wannan wahala, ƙungiyar ta ɗauki nau'in sinadari acetal wanda ya fi sauƙi lalacewa kuma mai narkewar ruwa.Ana iya amfani da samfuran lalacewa na narkar da polymers tare da trichloroacetic acid da dichloromethane a cikin zafin jiki don samar da sabbin abubuwa.A matsayin hujja na ra'ayi, Morado yana iya canza elastomers, waɗanda aka yi amfani da su sosai a cikin marufi da sassa na mota, zuwa manne.
Amma babban koma baya na wannan sabuwar hanyar dawo da ita ita ce tsada da guba na albarkatun da ake amfani da su don aiwatar da martani.Saboda haka, masu binciken a halin yanzu suna ƙoƙarin nemo hanya mafi kyau kuma mai rahusa don cimma wannan tsari ta amfani da wani abu mai laushi (kamar vinegar) don lalata.
Wasu yunƙurin kamfanoni
1. PURESmart shirin bincike
2. Aikin FOAM2FOAM
3. Tenglong Brilliant: Sake yin amfani da kayan rufin polyurethane don kayan gini masu tasowa
4. Adidas: Takalmin gudu da za a sake yin amfani da shi gaba daya
5. Salomon: Sake amfani da cikakkun sneakers na TPU don yin takalman kankara
6. Cosi: Chuang yana aiki tare da kwamitin sake amfani da katifa don inganta tattalin arzikin madauwari
7. Kamfanin H & S na Jamus: Fasahar polyurethane foam alcoholysis don kera katifan soso
Lokacin aikawa: Agusta-30-2023